How Do You Teach?
Helping Students Learn Specific Content


A MiddleWeb Listserv conversation


Matt began a great discussion string by asking what teachers do when, in spite of their best teaching efforts, their students fail. The conversation ranged over teaching styles, strategies like scaffolding, and classroom assessment.

I'm sitting here growing increasingly frustrated with each test I correct.

My 1st and 3rd hour classes did fine, but my 4th hour class saw half of them fail. We studied Ancient Greece for about a month before the test. Two days prior they were given a review sheet, which basically told them EVERYTHING that would be on the test. We talked about the written items they would have to respond to, as well. I don't understand why they did so poorly. I will offer them a re-take, but I'm curious how you all handle it when students don't fare well on things that to us should have been "easy."

This leads me to my next question. This year, the learning in my classroom has become primarily student directed, with very little lecture. Students read the content in small groups, summarize what they have read (both out loud and on paper), and complete various assignments. Rarely do I lecture. My inclusion teacher suggested that I need to do more lecture/whole class discussion, because many kids "aren't getting it" when working in small groups. How do you specifically teach content? How do you use the textbook in your classes (and yes I understand the text is not the only resource, but it is the primary one.) What do you do (again specifically) to gauge students grasp of the material?

These questions must make me sound ignorant or something, but I'm really looking for more varied ideas to get the content across to the students. I do use a variety of things, but evidently not enough.

By the way, I teach 7th grade.

Frustrated and disappointed,

- Matt

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Joanne joined Matt in seeking answers to this important question.

Matt, you are not alone. I am in same boat. As you and will wait for the replies to your questions. This teaching thing sure isn't a walk in the park. "Here, catch the frisbee" we say. Some students grab it and run, others say, "Which way did the frisbee go?" And still others say, "What's a frisbee?"

Hang in there Matt. This list will help us.

- Joanne

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Chris made a number of practical suggestions.

Matt: You might want to do an item error analysis of the tests. See if you can find any patterns for the errors. Were they all similar? Were they errors relating to process or content? Did they not follow directions?

Another thing to think about- What formative assessment did you do before the test? The test is a cumulative assessment. Theoretically, you should have a pretty good idea of how the kids would do on the test because you did some checking for understanding,
dip-sticking, low stakes assessment along the way. The test, ideally, would be a chance for the kids to pull together what they know, not a hurdle to overcome. (That's the ideal)

As for the lecturing thing- Use every method you can think of, the issue is one of balance. Just because there is criticism of lecturing doesn't mean we should do it. It means we need to do less of it, and do it for the right reasons, do it correctly, and teach the kids how to deal with the methods we use.

I've simplified things, maybe too much. Step back, don't blame yourself, or the kids....do some analysis of the problem and try again, in a different way.

- Chris

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Ellen pointed out the futility of memorizing facts and commented on the importance of having students use factual knowledge to produce a more in-depth understanding that they are less inclined to forget.

A couple of questions...first of all, did they fail to memorize and respond to knowledge based questions or more open-ended, constructed response questions?

I teach language arts, but I think some of the things I do are applicable with history as well. If I have *facts* for students to learn, I direct teach them in mini-lessons (10 minutes, tops) or have kids read & respond in groups then discuss as a whole class. I try then to have kids working with those facts in a meaningful way, essentially working at the upper levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. It is not enough to simply expect students to memorize facts. I did that for the test and then did a "mind dump" because I wanted to do well in school. Many students today will not memorize facts just to memorize them; they must be embedded in some meaningful task. And I mean meaningful to them...

Example. One of the things I have to teach is the parts of a story and what each part is. BORING. I have direct taught it, but I have also included that information indirectly in many tasks--prewriting for their own stories, outlining stories they have read in order to compare them with each other, a post-writing strategy to check to see if they have a beginning, middle, and end.

I think it is more important for kids to show what they can do with knowledge than to simply know something. A really good history site by a middle grades teacher is Mr. Donn's. If you do a search for him, I am sure you will find his site. He especially has good stuff on Greece.

- Ellen

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Matt elaborated on the content of the test in question.

There is some memorization involved, but the students have also had opportunities to interact with the material. One of the items on the test asked them to create a Venn diagram comparing Athens and Sparta. They had already created one when we read that portion of the text, but we did an Olympics simulation (which I originally found on Mr. Donn's site, by the way) where they had to play the role of Athenians and Spartans. They know the characteristics of each. They knew it would be on the test; they had created the Venn before. I think the material had risen beyond memorization, because of the role-play involved; Yet many still couldn't produce on the test.

They also had to write a short essay (a couple of sentences) on the accomplishments of Pericles. Once again, they knew it would be on the test, we had talked about it and they had interacted with it.

The test consisted of the following components:

Nine multiple choice questions, Five fill in the blank, a Venn diagram, a short essay on Pericles, a map where they had to label five items, and a short answer section where they had to identify the importance of 3 of the 4 listed individuals (which we had reviewed two days prior.) It sounds harder than it was.

I'm obviously struggling with how to make the information more pertinent to their lives, though. Any ideas?

- Matt

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Ellen suggested trying to connect curriculum content to things that are of interest to students.

Kudos on your efforts! I think sometimes it is difficult to figure out how our content relates to those things our students care about, especially since we are interested in the content for our own, very different reasons.

I think what has worked for me in the past is to try to match my content with the things they care about. What do adolescents care about? Issues of fairness, love, hate, drama, popular culture...lots of other things. How do we match content with those things? It takes conscious thought and planning, trial and error to figure this out. Ask the kids for feedback. Many times they will be able to help you.

We did an integrated unit on Greece last quarter, and the kids are still begging me to do more with myths. I had them write letters to the gods and other characters as a response do various stories, and I still see/hear them making references to those stories on their own.

I'm interested in hearing how the rest of you help bring content to your kids...it really is one of the most important things we have to do.

- Ellen

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Ann provided a number of practical suggestions directed at helping students meet success on tests.

Congratulations on taking the risk, Matt. I agree with Chris. Look back to see if there are any patterns to mistakes. Also, here is a trick I taught one of my student teachers. Gather two-three tests of students who "scored" or "went" above the expectation of the test. Do the same for those who scored at expectation and below expectation.

Identify what you saw as "critical" to the test: (content info., Social Studies skills, generic skills) and then sort the tests to see what you get. This might offer you insight into what you might need to do when you launch your next unit, get into the thick of it and prepare your students for the next assessment/project/test whatever.

It is my belief that successful student behaviors must be explicitly taught. For example, very few middle schoolers really "get it" that a good first step in preparing for a fact-filled test is to organize notes and homework in some type of order that squares with what was taught.

Finally, it might be worth your while to have students respond to the test. Example: Send the test home with the correct answers and ask students which ones they got correct, which ones they got wrong and to develop a "theory" (good SS skill too) regarding why they got the score they got.

If you have kids who are reluctant about homework then this might be a good de-briefing activity to do in class. I firmly believe that this type of discussion about how to succeed in school has a way of empowering students. VERY few kids are "natural" students.

- Ann

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Carol shared a number of games that help prepare students for assessment.

I teach 6-8 Special Ed. in a self-contained classroom. I try to teach what the same age peers are learning to some degree. My students, most of whom are non-readers or very low ability readers, do not test well. In order to gauge what these kids are learning, we have lots of games focused around what they have been taught. Bingo, using the vocabulary terms to fill in the bingo boxes is very popular, esp. for a larger group.

I got an idea from an AIMS workshop for the game, "I have.. Who has..." Basically you put part of one fact on an index card under the "Who has" and the rest on another card under the "I have" part. Then you start another fact on that card under the "who has" part. You need at least one fact for each student but I found that after they answer their question, they don't follow along. I try to have at least 2 facts for each.

This game requires planning because you want the questions to go in a circle so that the player who started also ends the game. I have used this game learning the presidential facts, states and capitals, math skills. The kids love it. You could allow the kids to come up with the 2 parts of the questions and then all you need to do is put them down on cards. AIMS sells the cards already made for math.

We also play a game called May I? It is similar to the playground game but before the students can move the required steps, they have to answer an academic question. This is the favorite game this year because I have a small group but this could be played outdoors with a larger group.

Hope this helps.

- Carol

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Juli stressed the importance of breaking larger tasks into doable parts.

Matt and Joanne -- You two guys are great! That you can see so clearly and care so much is so important to helping kids "get it." No matter what, when, how, where or why we teach, it isn't "taught" if the kids don't get it.

I find that my students aren't flexible in how they deal with assessments. If they have "learned" how to do something one way, on one day, then the next day they may not still have it. Research has shown that some learners need to "do it or use it" 14 different times before they have in down. Wow!

If you want your kids to be able to do the type of assessment you described (with a wide variety of opportunities to show what they know), then hand it back to them and go over it item by item. Have them re-do their answers to an acceptable level with your guidance (the whole way). Explain to them how you would answer; do a "think aloud" showing them your thinking process and talking about how you go about understanding questions, deciding what information you know that can help you, and them answering the questions. It really helps them to break down the task into doable parts. Kids need to see, hear and feel the modeling to "get it."

Keep it up!

- Juli

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Michelle agreed with Juli's response.

Juli offered a thoughtful response to Matt and Joanne regarding multiple ways to assess and teach children. I can see your understanding of Different Ways of Knowing, in your language, Juli! :)

I think the important thing is to understand that some children needs lots of scaffolding, within those multiple times, to help them finally "get it," and this involves pitching it where they can hit it each and every time. I know; I know--a very daunting task for us all.

When I think of this, I think of my own four children and how each of them, who are all from the same two parents, need different strategies of motivation, are on varying levels of developmental needs, and bring to the picture varying perspectives. Now, apply that to a classroom of 30+ middle schoolers, all from different parents, or to a school of 600+ middle schoolers. Yes, we have a VERY daunting task!
- Michelle


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Matt expressed his gratitude for the suggestions shared by MiddleWeb readers.

I truly appreciate each and every response thus far. However, I guess I really need some guidance into the how part. How can I "scaffold"? How can I teach things multiple ways? I do try, but it's a daunting task, and I'm still a little new (3rd year.) Can someone provide a concrete example of how to accomplish it? How can I help them "get it"?

- Matt

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Chris made a suggestion.

How about this folks? Matt, give us an example of something the kids really missed on the last test. Give us the item/assessment/question and then some examples of incorrect answers, what you did to teach the kids the thing they missed. Then we can discuss it. Are you up for it?

- Chris

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Joanne shared some learning insights with MiddleWeb readers.

*Waving hand in air furiously and squirming in my seat*
"Let me try to answer!! Let me try, please!!!"

The only reason I am excited is because I have spent the weekend and today (school holiday) watching my CLAD (cross-cultural language acquisition development) videotapes and this is an area the lecturer addressed.

I discovered I had scaffolded in a recent assignment without even realizing it. Using graphic organizers, Venn diagrams and the like is a way to scaffold. Students organize and fill in information that they know in order to see it visually. For instance, my students had to write a biographical essay on a character from one of the short stories we had read. In the center we drew a circle where the character's name was placed. Off that circle were lines leading to four subheadings that matched their paragraph requirements. The subheadings were circled and included:

1. what character looks like
2. what character does (actions)
3. what the character said
4. what others thought of the character

Off those subheadings there were circles they had to fill in with at least three examples of saying, doing, and appearing. This is a scaffold, or outline, or framework from which the students can identify and organize what concrete details they are going to include about their character.

Your Venn diagram is an example of scaffolding. I have a hunch, Matt; we do some of these things without even realizing the terminology. But I do love the word scaffolding. It is such a visual of what we are trying to do with/for the kids.

Now, mentors, please correct/add/subtract/improve upon the above.

Also, I would so pleased if Matt took up Chris's offer to give an example that we discuss. I need so much help on this sort of thing, too. Assessment is a pretty weak point for me.

- Joanne

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Chris suggested ways to connect scaffolding tools to actual student learning.

Great points and examples regarding scaffolding, Joanne. Now the trick, or process, is to get the students to internalize or make the process their own by engaging them in creating the Venn diagrams, webs, graphic organizers for themselves in a meaningful way. As they do this work give them lots of feedback and reasons for continuing to make the process their own. It's not enough to show them, walk them through it, or use examples.

No matter how great a job you do of showing them, you're still doing it. Remember that the goal is to eventually remove the scaffolding and have the "structure" stand on it's own. If this isn't part of the plan, the building fails....kind of like students who don't learn what we thought we were teaching them.

So the scaffold is two things perhaps. It's something the student can stand on to reach higher. Stuff they already know is the basis for accessing what they need to know more about. Scaffolding is also used to support the student until they are comfortable enough to continue on their own. I guess it gets removed in stages with quality checks along the way.

Here's something I found from education world. I got it by doing a search on vivisimo.com. I just typed in education, scaffolding...so cool this technology thing is.

Teaching the American Revolution: Scaffolding to Success
http://www.education-world.com/a_curr/curr218.shtml

- Chris

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Joanne responded to Chris' posting.

That's fantastic, Chris! I had the first part down, but not the second part. Thanks for the extension ladder. ;)

Why do I keep wondering why I don't get this kind of support/feedback from my own principal?

- Joanne

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Chris, a middle school principal, responded to Joanne's musings.

To be fair to your principal, do you communicate with him/her in the same way you communicate with folks here? I'm pretty sure there are members of my staff who wonder why I'm not always there for them during the day. I like to think they know they can come to me to discuss their concerns, mistakes, and successes.

- Chris

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Mary Anne introduced the concept of teachers needing to develop a basic premise of what they want students to know.

I've been taking a course on assessment. It is very interesting, but one of the things I learned and have been successful with is working on developing what I consider a "standard or C" grade. That means what is the basic premise I want kids to know.

Then I build from there. What would a paper that exceeds expectations look like?

I have found by this simple alteration, my rubrics are a lot more true to what I really want. I might add that I try and work with only a three-point rubric--above standard (A), at standard (C) or below standard (F). It has really cut out a lot of the gray--subjective stuff and helped me focus on who has "got" it.

- Mary Anne

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Joanne asked Mary Anne to elaborate.

Mary Anne,

This sounds like a fascinating approach to assessment. Where are you taking the course? I need one, but would prefer an online, independent type, if possible. How do your students respond to not having B's or D's?

- Joanne
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Mary Anne responded.

It is actually an on-line course through the University of South Florida. I would recommend it but be forewarned--the books and handouts cost me over $150. I only took this particular course because of an outstanding recommendation by a good friend and two of us at school are taking it and splitting the book prices. If you are still interested--let me know and I will give email you all the info privately.

- Mary Anne

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Paul commented on the value of traditional tests.

I do not give tests. I think that they are useless. If you ask the students, they will have the same response. Most of my assessment is performance based.

The students by this time of the year dictate the topics (well...my course covers 19th century US History so the topics have to fall in that time period), they dictate the final result, and they even tell me when their due dates are. So yes, I have many groups and individuals working on all different topics with results that are due at different times.

I present a common theme that they all connect to, and each one has a particular skill to focus on as well as some other loose guidelines they must follow. It takes about four months of un-training before the students can begin to think for themselves again and create and finish these projects. I give no homework. The students can decide to do a little each night or spend an entire weekend finishing a project.

Now I know what you are thinking...I'm crazy right...so do most people who first meet me, and people who walk by my class. It's the people who come in and sit down and see the kids walk in and attack their problems without me getting them started that realize I am not a nut. I tell my kids that my goal is to become useless...in a manner of speaking.

I think that teachers forget that learning is natural when curiosity is present. Sitting in a classroom in a chair five days a week has taken the curiosity out of students. That's why we must teach them. I let my students take from me. I am tired at the end of each day. It is as though I have taught thirty lessons each day, but it is worth it.

It is true; my students leave me knowing far fewer facts than my comrades down the hall...but I bet you that 360 days from now they will have remembered more.

So am I crazy?

- Paul

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Joanne responded to Paul's posting.

I don't think you are crazy at all, Paul. I totally agree with you that our students have lost all curiosity at least in part due to the rigidity of our classrooms and the incredibly boring facts (e.g. comma rules) we toss at them, and hope they catch.

I want to teach differently. I want my students curious. I want them out of their seats and moving, but moving with a purpose and a focus. Unfortunately, partly because I am a first year teacher, partly because I am not thinking creatively, partly because I have state standards I have to teach, I am at a loss as to how to do what you describe.

Maybe what I need to do is say to my classes: Ok, this is what you guys have to learn this quarter. How are you going to go about learning these things?

"I present a common theme that they all connect to, and each one has a particular skill to focus on as well as some other loose guidelines they must follow."

Can you give an example of a common theme, the loose guidelines, and particular skills they must focus on? Also, how do you go about"un-training" them?

Thanks in advance,

- Joanne

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Trish asked a practical question.

...and what about grading and report cards?

Trish
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Kasey explained the system used in her classroom.

Well, I teach 6th grade science and virtually never give written tests. In fact, our district presents us with a ten-week assessment, which consists of 5-6 multiple choice and 4-5 constructed response questions. Had it not been for these tests, I wouldn't give tests at all.

I assess my students learning through their performance of particular activities. For example, it isn't enough to list the parts of a circuit. I want them to put the circuit together to see if the light bulb will glow. Then diagram a picture of what they just did and label/explain the parts. For me, this has been much more effective than regurgitating memorized information.

I also give my students choices. I try to give them different ways to perform for me. For example, in our study of the universe, students could choose one of the following projects:

1. Solar system mobile

2. Children's book about the planets

3. Poster presentation about a planet of their choice

4. Power point presentation

Each of these projects were equal in scoring guide and I did require certain information. However, it turned out much better than any test, because they truly gained knowledge about what they had been researching due to it being their choice.

Don't get me wrong; I think there is a time and place for tests. However, I hate to see teachers get caught up in formal testing over every subject and chapter. How boring. Perhaps in history, you could do a reenactment, or create a play, or write a journal that would get the students to tell you what they have learned.

Good luck!

- Kasey

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Melba shared her expertise.

First of all, Matt, this is the perfect forum for asking these types of questions. Whenever my students did poorly on a test, assignment, or project, I always looked at the percentage of failures and yes; I have had to toss many tests in the 27 years I have taught.

Many times what seems like a piece of cake to us completely passes the students by. I always asked the kids to do an analysis of each test item such as: What part of the problem did you miss? or Why did you write that instead of...? or Is there a better way to write this question/problem/sentence? (I taught math as of last year). Once you get a sense of their errors, review the test, design another one and retest.

I think your student-centered approach is terrific and right in line with the standards based philosophy. DO NOT go back to the old boring lecture style. However, if your lecture is actually an interactive type a la Socratic Method, then by all means go for it.

As to how do you monitor the students' learning -- while they are working in their co-ops (my kids pronounced this word as coops rhymes with hoops), conference with the small groups and do a verbal check for understanding. If you need some documentation, devise a checklist. You can even share the checklist with the class so they will know ahead of time how you will score/rate/or the information they are expected to know or learn during these group conferences, or maybe design a rubric! Another idea is to have each group prepare a report on the learning and assign a specific portion of the report to each group member.

How do I use the textbook? Since I taught math, I used it mostly for the computation problems and so the students could look at the processes and the examples that showed the mathematical process/steps. But, the language arts, social studies, and science teachers on my campus (the non-traditionalists) use the textbook for reference. Some students or many times their parents, need a security blanket, the book provides that for them and some teachers too. But don't let the textbook stifle you; use other sources. I hope this has helped.

- Melba

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Joanne asked a question.

Matt referred to his "inclusion teacher." What is an inclusion teacher?

- Joanne

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Matt answered Joanne's question.

The Inclusion teacher is the Special Ed teacher who is in the regular education classroom to assist with instruction.

- Matt

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Carole explained the various roles fulfilled by an inclusion teacher.

An inclusion teacher is a special education teacher who goes into the regular classroom to work with the Special Ed students. There are different variations to this. Some regular teachers limit the inclusion teacher to the specific special needs students. Others will embrace them and they might team-teach, each taking turns planning lessons and working with the students. One neat feature about an inclusion teacher is that it allows the second teacher to also work with students who "fall between the cracks."

These students have been evaluated and do not qualify for service, but still need extra help. Special Ed students are required to be in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE), which is to be in the regular classroom as much as possible without it impeding their education. This is one way of meeting that need.

- Carole

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Michelle commented on the role of inclusion teachers.

An inclusion teacher is one who collaborates with the regular teacher to modify lesson plans for students with special needs who are "included" in the regular classroom. In our state, we call this a collaborative teacher, and in the best of all worlds, the two teachers co-teach and have common planning, etc., that supports them teaching the 30 kids in their classroom together. In reality, many times, they don't have or don't use common planning and it turns into one teacher planning the lessons and the other providing the modifications.

- Michelle

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Matt provided further information.

I don't have the tests in front of me, but I will tell you this - I asked every student to give a written explanation today of why they got each question wrong. Now I haven't looked at them yet, but I'm hoping not only will it tell me what the problem is, but it will tell them as well.

Also, to respond to a few other posts, I don't think tests such as the one I gave are the be-all-and-end-all of assessment. Project scores are averaged right in with tests as half of their final grade, and give students the opportunity to express their knowledge in a different way. A few days before the test I had them design a poster based on the chapter. There were four separate lessons in the text, and they had to create an original picture with caption for each. They did quite well. However, I do feel tests are still an important measure of their learning. Plus we need to prepare them for high school and college. Unless things have changed in the last couple of years, tests are often the ONLY method of assessment in college. They need to be able to do them, like it or not. Plus that's the way they're measured by most states.

I have enjoyed reading about scaffolding. And, yes, I know I have done it to some degree, I just didn't know I was doing it. I'd be curious if someone (preferably social studies) could summarize one of their units, so we could see precisely how they get things done in their classroom. What do you do in a typical class period?

Thanks again

- Matt

Editor's note: The article at Education World referenced earlier by Chris does this at a unit level.

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Brenda shared her perspective and asked a number of questions.

Wow, Matt, you've asked some meaty questions in your posting. Many of your questions are near and dear to my heart. The one above is especially important to me because it drove me, several years ago, to intentionally look for better ways to address test preparation.

Over the past few years I've pondered questions like - whose job it is to get the students ready for exams? Could test preparation be considered "spoon feeding"? Is it worth the class time? What are some unconventional ways to prepare kids for assessment? After much soul searching, reading (brain-based research) and just plain experience, I've come to realize that young adolescents need someone to walk them through the concrete steps of organizational issues, one of them being test preparation. Test preparation is part of the learning process. When I view it this way, I don't feel guilty for the time it takes and the amount of effort it takes from me.

Ongoing assessment has become a more important part of my classroom model than in the past. The reason for this is that I don't want to wait until the final exam to find out that kids are unclear or unprepared.

Ongoing assessment means that I test on smaller amounts and I do it frequently (at least weekly). The outcome of these quizzes or performance assessments help drive what I will do next. Now, when the students do a final exam, I'm not especially surprised by the outcome because I have done previous testings on the concepts and then revisited things that they've been weak on. if I know the kids are not ready, I hold off. I'd rather do this than need to re-test half the class.

Before the final exam the kids do a variety of test preparation activities (many in class, because I don't think that Grade 6/7 kids really know how to study). We'll do Jeopardy or Bingo type games, use mind map assignments that condense the essential knowledge down visually, as well as assignments where the kids write their own test (and include a "key") of the content being tested.

I have also used something I call the Lexicon Challenge. Via a game format, the Lexicon Challenge helps students to recall important facts quickly. It is helpful to use practice tests from Quia (online practice tests that I've created on the curriculum content) so that students get practice with the type of questions (application questions especially) I will be using on tests.

Essentially it's all about providing the scaffolding necessary to allow them to be successful. Test results have improved and I see kid's learning how to prepare for assessment. Hope this is helpful to you.

Sincerely:
Brenda

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Chris had a few more questions for Matt and responded to some of Matt's previous postings.

Here's a couple questions Matt. Would it be useful to use the tests and the results as an opportunity to teach or reteach important skills and information? Having the students' explanations in writing will be useful. Might there be some other modes for students to reflect on what happened on the test? Also, would anything be gained by having students reflect on why they did well on some parts?

Matt wrote:
Also, to respond to a few other posts, I don't think tests such as the one I gave are the be-all-and-end-all of assessment. Project scores are averaged right in with tests as half of their final grade, and give students the opportunity to express their knowledge in a different way. A few days before the test I had them design a poster based on the chapter. There were four separate lessons in the text, and they had to create an original picture with caption for each. They did quite well.

Interesting point you make here Matt, Why do you think the kids did well on this project? If they showed you they learned important information in a skilled manner, how did you teach them to do this?
Matt wrote:
However, I do feel tests are still an important measure of their learning. Plus we need to prepare them for high school and college. Unless things have changed in the last couple of years, tests are often the ONLY method of assessment in college. They need to be able to do them, like it or not. Plus that's the way they're measured by most states.

They did well on some types of assessments but not as well on another type (the test) is there a difference between the way you prepare students for one type verses another type?
Matt wrote:
I have enjoyed reading about scaffolding. And, yes, I know I have done it to some degree, I just didn't know I was doing it. I'd be curious if someone (preferably social studies) could summarize one of their units, so we could see precisely how they get things done in their classroom. What do you do in a typical class period?

I haven't taught for a while Matt, but I do know of some pretty good sources for lesson plans....Do you know about Marcopolo?


- Chris

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Avis commented on classroom seating arrangements and traditional tests.

I'm sitting here crying with the Canadian team who got 2nd in the figure skating competition. Let's see if I can pull my thoughts back to this thread...

I agree with Joanne when she said that it gets pretty boring for students to sit in their desks all day... and they need to move around or work in different methods. A while back we mentioned cooperative learning groups... is any one using CL and having success that they could share?

I am ready to move my class out of rows, and arrange my room so I have blocked areas for them to work in. Actually blinders or dividers would be great but they would have to be higher than their heads so they could not see each other. ;-|

I don't think students learn anything from tests except how to test- I suppose sometimes they are a part of the work world? Assessment as mentioned is the better tool... it should assess the understanding of the concept, not the memorization.

- Avis

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Laurie shared her frustrations.

I too have had a lot of frustration with kids "not getting it," this year more than ever. The majority of my learning disabled students, (I teach 17 just in one Math class) perform poorly on tests even with review games, study guides AND a copy of the test itself to review the day before the test is given.

Last week I gave a math quiz with open binder, open book, calculators, etc. and I still had several that either failed or only got a 65. I thought I had more than prepared them. I realize some kids just don't do well on quizzes/tests no matter what we do as teachers. I only count tests as 20% of their grade and count things like homework, being prepared, participation, and projects as the rest of their grade (20% each). I find this way the kids who always do their homework, participate, etc. still have a good chance of passing even if they do terribly on tests.

I am giving them a project tomorrow based on the same information as the tests, more hands-on, etc. I find if kids can't do well on a tests, they can usually do well on some kind of project. This is the first time I've contributed to the list since last summer because I've been SO overwhelmed with trying to get all these kids "to get it", and finally figured out that sometimes even when we do our best, we sometimes have kids that just can't take and pass a test.

Hope this helps,
- Laurie

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Kathy explained her preference for alternative forms of assessment.

Well in regards to tests, I use them as little as possible. Both the kids and I much prefer a performance-based assessment. Many times that assessment is embedded in the classroom work we are doing so it feels completely normal.

For example: we are completing a science unit called Measuring Time. The students have been building and using different types of clocks to measure. They made a sinking water clock and they have just finished (with lots of frustration on their and my part) a pendulum clock escapement. The test for this unit will be a challenge for them to build a clock with a partner that can measure one minute. They may choose to do something similar to what we have already done or they may choose to investigate something totally different to meet this challenge. This type of assessing feels so much better to me. I don't feel like I am wasting valuable instruction time when using it.

I have also been thinking about standards and grades. First of all we don't use grades. We use our state standards as criteria and the students are graded on whether they achieved the standard, achieved with honors, nearly met, below the standard, little evidence of achievement. This is the language from the NSRE (New Standards Reference Exam) so parents are familiar with it.

When we began using standards we also raised the bar about expected performance levels. For example if I were comparing percentage grades to the standards way of reporting you would need to have 88% or above to meet the standard, 98% to achieve with honors, 78% to nearly meet and any thing lower than would be below. We have tried to purposely set our expectations very high.

- Kathy

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June described how the topic of Ancient Greece was approached in her school.

I was interested in your problem regarding the studies of Ancient Greece and without any real understanding of how you taught the topic it is possible that what I am about to tell you may be totally off the point, but anyway...

In our school Ancient Greece is taught to year seven. They are given a topic list to work through and the resources are provided. Each student completes the study in any order and creates their own notes, maps, diagrams and illustrations. They then repeat this with the study of either Ancient Egypt or Rome.

Testing of understanding and knowledge takes two forms in our school. Test A is on content and is an open book test during which students may answer questions on any one of the two civilizations studied. Test B is an essay type test with more general questions, requiring the students to make comparisons between the two civilizations studied.

I will be happy to provide more information if this interests you but last year the lowest mark in the content test was 82% and the lowest mark in the comparative test was 78%.

Students were enthusiastic about the studies and you could have heard a pin drop during the tests as students became totally involved in dealing with the questions. Please accept my apologies if I am off the point

- June

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Michelle explained how it is possible to establish creative, alive, "moving" classrooms under the standards movement.

Actually, Joanne, standards can help you create an environment for creativity with quality scoring guides that you explain to the students around what the standards mean. You are right on target when you say you could pitch them something that everyone needs to learn and let them demonstrate that they have learned it.

I'm going to use an example of an integrated (meaning integrated parts of language arts) unit I taught in the ninth grade; this is all from memory, so I won't fill in all the holes, since it was seven years ago (before I went into administration).

The standard I wanted kids to address was reading critically informational and literary works to determine how they are put together to emphasize the meaning of the work. The pivotal work was A Day No Pigs Would Die by Robert Peck (not your best YA choice now, but it was a "requirement" back then).

One of the themes of this book is father/son relationships, so my concept, my essential questions were: How do the relationships in our lives affect our present and our future how are they affected by our past?

From that, I picked poetry with the same theme; we watched a movie about an upper class girl who got AIDS after sleeping with a bartender one night and they reflected on choices. We did journal entries and comprehension guides (where I emphasized the skills I wanted to see in their critical reading of poetry, the book and essays we read). They were required to portray a chapter in the book for everyone, in groups, in any way they saw fit: visual arts, drama, presentation, etc., as long as it fit the scoring guide and the expectations that were in there. The read a self-chosen book around the theme, after which they presented to a small group what they read and how it went with the other things we were reading (the early start of lit. circles, I guess) You get the picture....

Finally, they had to produce a culminating project at the end of the unit, which had a written component and a performance component, complete with peer editing around the scoring guide prior to each submission and peer review for feedback during the performance.

They could perform alone or in groups, depending on their preference, and they choose how they demonstrated they knew the concepts and skills we wanted known. The written part was individually done, and no, at that time, I did not know how to scaffold for kids, so I did none of it; however, if kids gave a strong effort, I made sure they didn't fail.

All of this was communicated up front, at the beginning of the unit, with the standards for everyone to see what we were trying to accomplish, and with checkpoints along the way to ensure that specific skills were being learned and students were learning things under the broad concept that was real to the kids.

Again, this was a while ago, and I hope I have provided enough specific examples to help bring home the point that we can establish creative, alive, "moving" classrooms under the standards movement, and it is my belief that this is the only way we will ever reach the standards with all the students.

- Michelle

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Some educators don't think students learn anything from tests except how to test. Chris completed this discussion string by commenting on this point of view.

If this is true, then it seems that the tests WE create need to test the processes and content we think is essential. Remember, in most cases WE create the tests that the kids do so badly on. Tests are really only assessments we're using to find out what the kids have learned. They should not be designed as ways of sorting kids like the "normed" tests created by testing companies.

- Chris


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